As energy costs rise, regulations evolve, and consumer demand for environmentally friendly solutions increases, evaluating your current commercial or industrial refrigeration system for a potential upgrade increases in importance. When considering an upgrade, several factors – such as the current condition of your equipment, maintenance costs, energy efficiency, and refrigerant type must be evaluated. Each of these factors play a role in determining the cost effectiveness of an upgrade.
Now that we have crossed into 2025, the first restrictions of the American Innovation and Manufacturing (AIM) Act are now in effect. The AIM Act of 2020 allows the EPA to restrict the production, import, and use of hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs). HFC refrigerants have a high global warming potential (GWP) and are being phased down by 85% through 2035.
The Refrigerants allowed by the AIM Act are not direct substitutes for HFC refrigerants. Refrigeration systems require different components, piping and programming with each refrigerant. The performance of refrigeration systems is influenced by the external ambient temperatures.
Equipment installed before restrictions go into effect are allowed to maintain operation throughout their useful life. This includes service, parts, and refrigerant. However, the availability of each is dependent on the manufacturer.
Retrofitted equipment and new installations have their own regulations and definitions. Retrofitted equipment, replacing at least 75% or more of the evaporators and 100% of the compressor racks, condensers, and connected evaporator loads of an existing system, will need to follow the restrictions for a new installation. For more information on the AIM Act and state regulations, visit our Refrigerant Regulations webpage.
Refrigerated and Frozen Foods published an article by John Collins, the Zero Zone Director of Industrial Sales. This article explores several factors that need to be considered before upgrading your industrial or commercial refrigeration system. Refrigeration systems are among the most energy-intensive systems in operation; upgrading them can significantly increase their energy efficiency and reduce operational costs. To view the article, follow this link: https://www.refrigeratedfrozenfood.com/articles/103074-cost-of-ownership-how-refrigeration-upgrades-impact-energy-efficiency.
Sustainable business practices are rapidly gaining priority as rising energy costs, evolving regulations and increasing consumer demand for environmentally friendly solutions drive change. In the refrigeration industry, the choice of refrigerant directly affects both energy costs and regulatory compliance. This blog will explore the advantages and disadvantages of low-global warming potential (GWP) refrigerants; Natural and Hydrofluoroolefin (HFO).
In 2002, a severe drought agonized 33% of the contiguous United States. Crops and pastures were ruined, wells ran dry, and reservoirs were drained. In Colorado, over 3 million people lost their water security. Water restrictions were put in place. Outdoor lawn watering, accounting for half of annual residential water use, could only be done once a week and was scheduled by address numbers. Swimming pools could not be filled during one of the warmest summers on record. After the drought broke, planning for the next one became a priority. An expansion project began on Colorado’s Gross Reservoir Dam, located in Boulder County, to prevent water scarcity in the future.
The dam is going to be raised by 131 feet (totaling 471 feet) to increase the reservoir’s capacity by 25 billion gallons of water. After the dam’s expansion, it will be 3 times its current size and the tallest concrete dam in Colorado. Although this project has many challenges, one in particular caught the attention of Zero Zone: the heat concrete produces as it cures.
A walk-in cooler turns into an oasis during the summer months. While this may bring you relief, it adds stress to your commercial or industrial refrigeration system. The efficiency of any refrigeration system drops as the ambient temperature increases. Pressure within the system also increases, putting strain on the entire system. For areas with warmer climates, this happens for a longer period of time during the year. There are many ways to mitigate stress and heat in your system, but which one works best for your application?
What is the difference between retail and industrial refrigeration? For starters, they are at different stages in the Cold Chain, a temperature-controlled supply chain of perishable goods. This supply chain starts with storage, processing, or both. Then it moves to transportation, then arrives at the final step, distribution. Retail refrigeration exists within the distribution step; think of places that need refrigeration and have a checkout counter. Industrial refrigeration exists before refrigeration at the retail level. Before we venture into the specifics of industrial refrigeration, let’s look at some common applications where Zero Zone systems have been used.
What is a Small Format Store?
Small-format stores are usually less than 25,000 ft2 and require less than 30 tons of refrigeration capacity. Typically, these stores are convenience stores, small grocery stores, and pharmacies. Due to their size, Small-format stores do not have the space or lease agreement to install the large rack units that are favored by Large-format retailers. Another complication is how the small-format store needs to be organized for the display cases to fit.
Why CO2?
Carbon dioxide (CO2) as refrigerant:
Significantly reduces the environmental impact and plays a crucial role in combating climate change
Is the gold standard for ozone depletion potential (ODP) at 0
Has a global warming potential (GWP) at 1.
Many countries including the US are phasing out the use of high-GWP synthetic refrigerants, and stricter environmental regulations are being enforced. Embracing CO2 makes this a future-proof solution as it ensures compliance with these evolving regulations, avoiding penalties and legal complications.
CO2 is nonflammable and nontoxic, and it is a low-cost refrigerant. The recent advent of high-pressure, iron-impregnated copper has allowed the traditionally stainless-steel piping to transition to familiar brazed copper piping, further improving value and simplifying repairs.
Is CO2 Right for your Small Format Store?
CO2 is also a low-cost refrigerant. Most synthetic refrigerants can cost upwards of $20 per lb, whereas the current price of CO2 is around $3 per lb. CO2 systems require smaller copper pipes than other refrigeration systems, which decreases the installation costs. CO2 systems also have excellent energy efficiency, minimizing the operation cost. It’s high density and low viscosity increase coil efficiency, allow for smaller line sizes, and take advantage of smaller compressors.
Although everyone with a CO2 system can enjoy its benefits, small-format stores can go a step further. Since small-format refrigeration systems require less refrigerant, they do not require heat removal through air conditioning. This means the heat reclaim can be used for space heating, dehumidification, commercial kitchens, and restrooms.
Zero Zone knows that one size does not fit all. Our Genesys™ Natural Refrigeration Systems can be tailored for small format stores with the following products.
Indoor Parallel Systems
Outdoor Parallel Systems
Distributed Refrigeration Systems
Here are some case studies of using Zero Zone’s CO2 Genesys™ Natural Refrigeration Systems in small format stores:
Small grocery store in Stapleton, CO
Zero Zone completed this project using an indoor parallel system that can operate on a mezzanine in a mechanical room in a 5B climate zone. It has a remote adiabatic gas cooler, negating the need for air conditioning. The design pressure is 120 bar on the high side and 45 bar on the low side.
Small format store in Islandia, NY
This store is located in a 4A climate zone and home to one of Zero Zone’s outdoor parallel roof-mounted rack systems. This system has a remote air-cooled gas cooler and a design pressure of 120 bar high side and 90 bar low side.
Convenience Store in Dayton, MN
Zero Zone also has an outdoor parallel system mounted on the roof in a 6A climate zone. This system measures 120 bar on its high side and 45 bar on its low side. This location also uses the heat reclaim for heating the backroom air coil and water.
A common myth surrounding CO2 as a refrigerant is that it can only be used in certain climates. This is true only for certain types of CO2 systems. Transcritical CO2 systems can only be used in cooler climate zones. Subcritical CO2 systems can be used in any climate zone. At Zero Zone, we have a solution for natural refrigerants in any climate.
Are You Ready forZero Zone’s Genesys™ CO2 System?
To start a project or learn more about how Zero Zone can help, contact one of our sales representatives.
What is the AIM Act?
The American Innovation and Manufacturing Act (AIM Act) was passed in 2020 by bipartisan support in the U.S Congress as the United States joined the global movement to reduce human impact on climate change. The AIM Act directs the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) to oversee the phasedown of HFC refrigerant production and consumption in an effort to transition to alternative refrigerants. The AIM Act includes a phasedown schedule that began in 2022 and continues to 2036.
The new rule prohibits the manufacture and import of self-contained products that use hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs). The rule also prohibits the sale, distribution, and export of products three years after the manufacture and import restriction. Finally, it prohibits the installation of new refrigeration air conditioning and heat pump (RACHP) systems that contain HFCs. The compliance dates of these new rules vary based on sector and subsector.
Who does the AIM Act refer to?
The final rule states, “Entities that manufacture, import, export, sell, distribute, or install systems or products that use HFCs in refrigerants and air-conditioning equipment systems, heat pumps, foams, and aerosols may be affected by this new rule. Restrictions apply to original equipment manufacturers, product distributors, retailers, and companies that direct the installation of new RACHP systems.”
Important definitions
The final rule makes a distinction between products and systems. Certain products and the installation of certain systems have different restrictions.
A product is functional upon leaving a factory. Examples of products include self-contained refrigerators and self-contained ice machines. The EPA is restricting the sale, distribution and export of products containing higher-GWP HFCs three years after the manufacture and import restriction dates.
A system is assembled and charged in the field using multiple components. An example of a system is a supermarket refrigeration system that include a centralized compressor room. Components include equipment such as compressors, condensers, and display cabinets. There is not a restriction on the manufacture, import, sale, distribution, or export of components that are used to repair existing systems.
When will the phasedown start?
Industrial Phasedown
Retail Phasedown
Notes:
Industrial Process Refrigeration (IPR) systems are used to cool process streams at a specific location in manufacturing and other industrial processes (e.g., chemical, pharmaceutical, petrochemical, and manufacturing industries).
Refers to the Zero Zone Hybrid™ display cases and rack condensing units (Edge XT).
Refers to Zero Zone’s Highlight®, Crystal®, and Reveal® display cases and their associated systems.
Why was the AIM Act proposed and passed?
The AIM Act addresses petitions from industry, environmental organizations, and state governments to restrict the use of HFCs. The EPA has estimated the potential benefits of this rule will provide savings to American consumers and industry through energy efficiency and lower-cost refrigerants. The EPA stated that this rule will also result in greenhouse gas emissions reduction benefits.
EPA estimations:
Emission reduction of 876 million metric tons of carbon dioxide equivalent through 2050.
$50.4 billion in climate change mitigation benefits
$4.5 billion in cost savings to consumers and businesses driven by the lower cost of HFC substitutes and increased energy efficiency of lower-GWP refrigerants
For our customers
This rule does not restrict Zero Zone customers from using their existing refrigeration systems. The EPA has allowed an existing system to continue its operation to the end of its useful life. The systems may be serviced and repaired throughout their use, including replacing components. Components needed for repair are allowed to continue being manufactured.
For new installations, the equipment needs to be charged before the compliance dates. The following actions are considered a new installation:
Assembling a system for the first time from used or new components;
Increasing the cooling capacity, in BTU per hour, of an existing system; or
Replacing 75 percent or more of evaporators (by number) and 100 percent of the compressor racks, condensers, and connected evaporator loads of an existing system.
Into the Future: Refrigerant Management
Although a system can be serviced until the end of its useful life, the refrigerants used to recharge it will become scarce as production slows. The costs of synthetic refrigerants are expected to rise. The EPA is currently working on a standard for refrigerant reclamation and requirements for reclaimed HFC refrigerants. They are proposing that as of January 1, 2028, reclaimed refrigerant must be used when servicing and/or repairing refrigerant-containing equipment. This includes supermarket systems and stand-alone retail food refrigeration.
If you have questions about these regulations, please contact Zero Zone and ask to speak to our Director of Regulatory Compliance & Refrigeration Technology, Bruce Hierlmeier.
How can Zero Zone Help?
At Zero Zone, we’ve always been green. Zero Zone offers sustainable refrigeration solutions with Genesys™ Natural Refrigeration Solutions. If you want to learn about our offerings and plans for these new regulations, contact our sales team or visit Zero Zone’s Genesys™ Natural Refrigeration Solutions webpage.
View the infographics for our Retail and Industrial customers for a summary of important facts and dates.
What changed?
The Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) finalized the phasedown schedule (above) for hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs), which is mandated by the American Innovation and Manufacturing Act (AIM Act). There were no changes between the proposal and the final rule. The schedule still calls for a segmented reduction in HFCs produced and consumed, ending in an 85% reduction by 2036.
The finalized rule includes an allocation and trading program, which determines the amount of refrigerant that may be produced and consumed. There were no changes between the proposal and the final rule.
Who is impacted?
Refrigerant Producers: Companies that produce, import, export, destroy, reclaim, or recycle HFCs are issued allowances by the EPA on October 1 of each year. These allowances are relative to the phasedown schedule.
End Users: Companies that use refrigeration equipment—such as retailers, cold storage warehouses, and industrial process facilities—will feel an indirect impact because HFC refrigerant will be less common and more expensive.
We know from the recent phaseout of R-22 that this phasedown will cause refrigerant prices to rise. HFC refrigerants that are manufactured will primarily be used to service leaks in existing systems, plus HFC refrigerants are shared with other industries, such as air conditioning and foaming processing. This could impact cost and availability of refrigerants to retailers and industrial end users, meaning that budgets for repairs will need to increase.
What should retailers and other end users do?
To counteract this, Zero Zone recommends that future orders for refrigeration equipment should be switched to alternative refrigerants sooner than later, such as natural refrigerants and low-GWP HFO-based refrigerants. This will make service costs better in the long run. Plus, it will prepare end users for upcoming EPA rules that will further regulate refrigerants.
What other rules are coming?
The refrigeration industry awaits three more final EPA rules.
1) The EPA proposed a rule that will establish limits by 1/1/2025 on the global warming potential (GWP) of refrigerants. This rule must be finalized in October 2023. Below are the current GWP restrictions proposed.
These GWP limits will end the use refrigerants such as R-404A (GWP of 3943), R-407A (GWP of 1923), R-410A (GWP of 1924), R-448A (GWP of 1273), R-449A (GWP of 1282), and R-507 (GWP of 3985) in new equipment. Going forward, refrigeration equipment will need to use natural refrigerants, such as CO2 (GWP of 1), ammonia (GWP of 0), and HFO-based refrigerants with GWP less than the limits.
2) The refrigeration industry also awaits the release of EPA Rule 26, which will allow for the use of A2L refrigerants in commercial and industrial applications. “A2L” refers to an ASHRAE classification of refrigerants that are mildly flammable. Rule 26 would also increase the allowable R-290 (propane) charges for self-contained equipment.
3) The EPA will be updating Section 608 of the EPA Clean Air Act (CAA), which regulates handling, recovery, reclamation, and recycling of refrigerants. They are updating the rule for how service technicians can handle refrigerants and how refrigerant use is reported by store owners.
If you have questions about these regulations, please contact Zero Zone and ask to speak to our Director of Regulatory Compliance & Refrigeration Technology. If you want to learn about our offerings and plan for these regulations, contact our sales team.
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